The molecular ion peaks (M+ and M+2) each contain one chlorine atom - but the chlorine can be either of the two chlorine isotopes, 35Cl and 37Cl. The molecular ion containing the 35Cl isotope has a relative formula mass of 78. The one containing 37Cl has a relative formula mass of 80 - hence the two lines at m/z = 78 and m/z = 80. Chlorine is a commonly used household cleaner and disinfectant. Chlorine is a potent irritant to the eyes, the upper respiratory tract, and lungs. Chronic (long-term) exposure to chlorine gas in workers has resulted in respiratory effects, including eye and throat irritation and airflow obstruction. No information is available on the carcinogenic effects of chlorine in humans from inhalation.

1. Mass Of Chlorine Atom
2. Uses Of Chlorine Gas
3. Mass Of Cl
4. Mass Of Chlorine 35

Chlorine

Explanation

Chlorineis a chemical element with the symbol Cland it has atomic number 17. Chlorine is the second member of halogen group ithas similar properties like fluorine, bromine and iodine. Chlorine haselectronic configuration [Ne] 3s²3p⁵ withthe seven electrons in the third outermost shell acting as its valenceelectrons.

Chlorine has two stable isotopes: chlorine – 35and chorine – 37. The atomic weight of chlorine given on the periodic table is35.47 u. Different isotopes have different relative abundances ,chlorine – 35has a relative abundance of 75.76% ,whereas chlorine – 37 has a relativeabundance of 24.24%. Chlorine -35 is about 3 times more abundant than chlorine– 37, the weighted average is closer to 35 than 37.

The mass spectrum of Chlorine

Chlorine is such an element which contain morethan one atom per molecule. It has two isotopes Cl-35 and Cl-37, so it contain3 atoms of Cl-35 and 1 atom of Cl-37. It consist of molecules so when it passedinto the ionization chamber, the electrons are knocked off, and give molecularion, Cl₂⁺. The ions are not stable so some will formchlorine atom and a Cl⁺ Adobe after effects apk. ion. This process is called fragmentation.

Cl₂⁺→ Cl + Cl⁺

The Cl atom is neither accelerated nor deflected in the machine it is not ionized in the ionization chamber and simply lost. But Cl⁺ ions will pass through the machine and give lines at 35 and 37 it is depend upon isotopes.

Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is an important method which is used to identify elements and compounds by their mass spectrum. Mass spectrometry is a technique used to determine relative isotopic masses of different elements and relative abundance of the isotopes.

Inall types of mass spectroscopy they include vaporing atoms or molecules in highvacuum and create electron bombardment to generate a beam of positive ionscalled ionization. Mass spectrometer separates and counts the numbers ofdifferent positive ions particles are released, the resulting product from thedetector is known as mass spectrum (plural mass spectra).

Theseare different types of mass spectrometer:

Method No. 1. Deflection Mass Spectrometer:

It is also called as TOF type. Deflection mass spectrometer consists of ionization, acceleration the positive ions, which in turn deflection of ions and ion detection followed by deflection, separation and detection. The substance which is to be analyzed is injected in the high vacuum tube system which has extremely low pressure particles are ionized through colliding with beam of high speed electron.

In the above diagram the symbol K as sampleand Q as high voltage supply label. High voltage electron gun falls a beam ofhigh energy electrons from a heated metal element into the vaporized sampleunder analysis and causes ionization of the atoms or molecule form positiveions. The collision of high energy electrons with atoms or molecules causesanother electron to remove the particle as positively charged particle. The sample must in the gaseous phase, In caseof chlorine:

Cl _(g) + e^– = Cl ⁺_(g) + e^–

The low pressure vacuum is needed to stop theions to collide with air particles which affect the motion of particles toreach the ion detector system.

Negativeplate as P in above diagram. Negative plates accelerate the positive ions tomove through the tube. The moving charge particles create a magnetic fieldaround itself which interact with magnetic field of the system at point R [2].

Deflectionof ions due to magnetic field is label as R. Magnetic field deflect the mono-positiveions according to their increasing mass towards the ion detection system. Alllike mass particles move down the tube. Ion detection system is labelled as N. ionsstrike the ion detection system where they generate a small electrical current.This small current convert into electronic signals appear as ion peaks whichsent to computer for analysis and display as mass spectrum. The data isdisplayed as m/z versus peak height.m/z means relative mass over chargewhich help to know relative atomic mass of ionized particle.

The mass spectrum of chlorine is good example of molecular element. Chlorine has two stable isotopes; chlorine-37 (25%) and chlorine -35 (75%).There are five main peaks of isotopes of chlorine of various isotopic monatomic ions.

1. [³⁷Cl₂]⁺ mz =74 ( molecular ion)
2. [³⁷Cl ³⁵ Cl]⁺ mz = 72
3. [³⁵Cl₂]⁺ m/z=70 (molecular ion)
4. [³⁷Cl]⁺ m/z = 37 (monatomic ion)
5. [³⁵Cl]⁺ m/z =35 (monoatomic ion)

Thepresence of five peaks for chlorine shows the ratio of heights for peaks 1 and2 is 3: 1. For bimolecular ions, ¾ of the chlorine isotopes are Cl 35 and ¼ ofthe isotope of chlorine is cl37.

Themass spectrum of an organic compound having chlorine atoms also show differentmass spectrum. Organic compound having one chlorine atom show molecular peaksM+ and M+2.the molecular ion containing ³⁵Cl isotope has relativeatomic mass 78 whereas molecular ion containing ³⁷Cl has relativeatomic mass 80.

Mass spectrum of 2-chloropropane is given below. In this mass spectrum the peak heights of chlorine are in the ratio of 3:1 which show that lighter isotope of chlorine is attached with more number of molecules as compared to the heavier isotope. The fragmentation of 2-chloropropane formed are

Same pattern of peaks are observed at m/z = 63 and m/z = 65 due to chlorine atoms which is attached to CH₃CH forming positive ion.

The organic compound having two chlorine atoms show three peaks due different combinations of isotopes of chlorine are attached with carbon and hydrogen. The ratio observed in this case is 9:6:1.the compound containing 2 chlorine atom have difference in ratio due to isotopes attached with fragments.

Method No. 2. Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer

Mass Of Chlorine Atom

Citizen watch model number gn 4w s. The principle of this method is also include ionization, acceleration to donate constant kinetic energy to all ions, ions drift, ions detection and also data analysis, all things are controlled and carried out with the help of computers now a days.

Theions are formed similarly through electron bombardment and the ions which areproduced as a result of bombardment are accelerated between electricallycharged plates. The sample must be in gaseous form, laser beam is used toaccelerate electrons and produced positive ions. In this process magnetic fieldis not used to separate the positive ions.

Inthis process the ionized particle which has smaller mass has smaller time offlight in the drift region so in this case ions are separate on the base oftheir time of flight.

t=K_inst √(m/q)

t=timeof flight

m=massof ion

q=chargeon ion

√=squareroot of

K_inst= a proportionality constant based on the instrument settings andcharacteristics e.g. the electric field strength, length of analyzing tube etc.

References:

1. http://www.docbrown.info/page04/4_71atomMSintro.htm

Learning Objectives

Uses Of Chlorine Gas

• Define mass ratio.
• Calculate the mass ratio of an element in two different compounds.

What are the similarities and differences between these two equations?

One of the fundamental laws of chemistry deals with the fact that we cannot (using chemical means) create or destroy matter. When a reaction is run, the number of atoms of each specific type must be the same on both sides of the equation. For some materials, it turns out that one element can combine with a second element in more than one ratio. Carrying out mass ratio calculations helped establish the law of multiple proportions.

Mass Ratio Calculations

Copper reacts with chlorine to form two compounds. Compound A consists of 4.08 g of copper for every 2.28 g of chlorine. Compound B consists of 7.53 g of copper for every 8.40 g of chlorine. What is the lowest whole number mass ratio of copper that combines with a given mass of chlorine?

Step 1: List the known quantities and plan the problem.

Known: Chords and lyrics to god bless the broken road.

• Compound A = 4.08 g Cu and 2.28 g Cl
• Compound B = 7.53 g Cu and 8.40 g Cl

Apply the law of multiple proportions to the two compounds. For each compound, find the grams of copper that combine with 1.00 g of chlorine by dividing the mass of copper by the mass of chlorine. Then find the ratio of the masses of copper in the two compounds by dividing the larger value by the smaller value.

Step 2: Calculate

Compound A: [latex]displaystylefrac{4.08text{ g Cu}}{2.28text{ g Cl}}=frac{1.79text{ g Cu}}{1.00text{ g Cl}}[/latex]

Compound B: [latex]displaystylefrac{7.53text{ g Cu}}{8.40text{ g Cl}}=frac{0.896text{ g Cu}}{1.00text{ g Cl}}[/latex]

Compare the masses of copper per gram of chlorine in the two samples.

[latex]displaystylefrac{1.79text{ g Cu (in compound A)}}{0.896text{ g Cu (in compound B)}}=frac{2.00}{1}=2:1[/latex]

The mass ratio of copper per gram of chlorine in the two compounds is 2:1.

Step 3: Think about your result.

The ratio is a small whole-number ratio. For a given mass of chlorine, compound A contains twice the mass of copper as does compound B.

Summary

• The mass ratio gives the mass of an element that is found in combination with another element.

Practice

Use the link below to answer the following questions:

1. What is the mass ratio?
2. What is the hydrogen:water mass ratio?
3. How many molecules of water per molecule of oxygen?

Review

Mass Of Cl

1. What does the mass ratio tell us?
2. In the compound CH₄, what is the carbon:hydrogen mass ratio?
3. Methane is CH₄ and ethane is C₂H₆. What is the mass ratio of carbon per gram of hydrogen in the two compounds?

Mass Of Chlorine 35

References

1. Laura Guerin. CK-12 Foundation.
2. User:Chemicalinterest/Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Copper_chloride_crystals.JPG. Public Domain.